Seed transmission of BCMV-BICM threaten cowpea seed health in the Ashanti and Brong-Ahafo regions of Ghana: BCMV-BICM threaten cowpea seed health in the Ashanti and Brong-Ahafo regions of Ghana.

Fuleratu Karim Adams; Lava Kumar; Charles Kwoseh; Patricia Ogunsanya; Richard Akromah; Rashied Tetteh

doi:10.24154/jhs.v16i2.1249

Authors

Fuleratu Karim Adams CSIR-Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute Author
Lava Kumar IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria Author
Charles Kwoseh KNUST Kumasi, Ghana Author
Madam Patricia IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria Author
Richard Akromah KNUST Kumasi, Ghana Author
Rashied Tetteh CSIR-PGRRI, Bunso, Ghana Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v16i2.1249

Keywords:

Cowpea, ELISA, Bean common mosaic virus, blackeye cowpea mosaic, vegetable legume, Potyvirus, RT-PCR, virus detection, virus-seed transmission

Abstract

Antigen-coated plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ACP-ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect the presence and seed transmissibility of bean common mosaic virus-blackeye cowpea mosaic (BCMV-BICM) in farm- retained cowpea seed lots obtained from 46 locations, including markets and farms in major cowpea growing areas in the Ashanti and Brong Ahafo regions of Ghana. In the growout tests, virus symptomatic plants were observed in seedlings of 19 of the 46 seed lots tested under insect-proof screen-house conditions. All the symptomatic plants tested positive to polyclonal antiserum raised against BCMV-BICM in ACP-ELISA. The seed transmission rates based on symptoms ranged from 0 to 37.8 %. RT-PCR with primer pair designed to amplify the potyvirus Cylindrical Inclusion (CI) region resulted in an expected 720 bp DNA segment in 19 seed lots as a further confirmation of virus in the seed lots. The remaining 27 lots were asymptomatic and tested negative to BCMV-BlCM in both ACP-ELISA and RTPCR. The findings of this study revealed seed as the source of primary inoculum in the farmers’ fields and may aid in the implementation of control strategies such as discouraging farmers from retaining their own seeds for subsequent sowing and encouraging them to take appropriate measures in obtaining virus-free cowpea seeds from other sources.

References

Adams, F. K., Kumar, L., Kwoseh, C. and Akromah, R. 2020. Occurrence of cowpea viruses in the forest and savannah agroecological zones of Ghana. African Crop Science Journal, 28(3):443-450.

Adams, K. F. 2016. Survey of cowpea viral disease symptoms and detection of associated viruses in selected cowpea growing areas in Ghana. MPhil Thesis, KNUST, Ghana.

Al-Hassan, R. M. and Diao, X. 2007. Regional disparities in Ghana: policy options and public investment implications. Ghana Strategic Support Programme. http://www.ifpri.org/ themes/gssp/gssp.htm.

Aliyu, T. H., Balogun, O. S. and Kumar, L. 2012. Survey of the symptoms and viruses associated with cowpea in the agro ecological zones of Kwara State, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 4(5):2

Amaza, P.S., Udo, E.J., Abdoulaye, T., Kamara, A.Y. 2010. Analysis of technical efficiency among community-based seed producers in the savannas of Borno State, Nigeria. J. Food Agric. Environ., 8:1073-1079.

Bankole, S.A. and Adebanjo, A. 1996. Biocontrol of brown blotch of cowpea caused by Colletotrichum truncatum with Trichoderma viride. Crop Protection, 15:633-636.

Bashir, M. and Hampton, R. O. 1993. Natural occurrence of five seed-borne cowpea viruses in Pakistan. Plant Disease, 77: 948-951

Biemond, P.C., Oguntade, O., Kumar, P. L., Stomph, T.J., Termorshuizen, A. and Struik, P. 2013. Does the informal seed system threaten cowpea seed health? Crop Protection, 43:166-174.

Booker, H. M., Umaharan, P. and McDavid, C. R. 2005. Effect of Cowpea Severe Mosaic Virus on crop growth characteristics and yield of cowpea. Plant Disease, 89:515-520.

Boukar, O., Bhattacharjee, R., Fatokun, C., Kumar, P. L. and Gueye, B. 2013. Cowpea, In: Genetic and Genomic Resources of Grain Legume Improvement. Elsevier, Sing, M. and Bisht, S. I. (eds.). p 137-156.

CAB International/European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 2010. Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus. Distribution maps of plant diseases, Wallingford, UK: CABI, Map 1075.

Coulibaly, O. and Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. 2002. The economics of cowpea in West Africa, In: Challenges and Opportunities for Enhancing Sustainable Cowpea Production. Conference Proceedings, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. p 351-366.

Dellaporta, S. L., Wood, J. and Hicks, J. B. 1983. A plant DNA mini preparation version II. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 1:19-21.

Egbadzor, F. K., Yeboah, M. Ofei, S. K., Ofori, K. and Danquah, E. Y. 2013. Farmers key production constraints and traits desired in cowpea in Ghana. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, 5(1):14-20.

Fawole, O. B., Ahmed, O. and Balogun, O. S. 2006. Pathogenicity and cell wall-degrading enzyme activities of some fungal isolates from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp). Biokemistri, 18:45-51

Gillaspie Jr. A. G., Pio-Ribeiro, G., Andrade, G. P. and Pappu, H. R. 2001. RT- PCR Detection of Cowpea Aphid-borne Mosaic virus in Peanut from Brazil. Phytopathology, 91:2002

Gupta, B. M., Singh, B. P., Verma, H. N. and Srivastara, K. M. 1985. Perspectives in plant virology, Vol 1, Print House (India) Lucknow, p. 299-314.

Ha, C., Coombs, S., Revill, P. A., Harding, R. M., Vu, M. and Dale, J. L. 2008. Design and application of two novel degenerate primer pairs for the detection and complete genomiccharacterization of Potyviruses. Archives of Virology, 153:25-36.

Hampton, R. O., Thottappilly, G. and Rossel, H. W. 1997. Viral diseases of cowpea and their control by resistance conferring genes. In: Advances in Cowpea Resear ch. IITA/ JIRCAS. Singh, B. B., Mohan Raj, D. R., Dashiel, K. E. and Jackai, L. E. N. (eds.). p 159-175.

Haruna, P., Asare, A. T., Asare-Bediako, E. and Kusi, F. 2018. Farmers and agricultural extension officers’ perception of Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke parasitism on cowpea in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Advances in Agriculture 7319204, p 11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7319204

Hema, M., Sreenivasulu, P., Patil, B. L., Kumar, P. L. and Reddy, D. V. R. 2014. Tropical food legumes: virus diseases of economic importance and their control. Advances in Virus Research 90: 431-505.

Hutchinson, C. M. and McGiffen, M. E. Jr. 2000. Cowpea cover crop mulch for weed control in desert pepper production. Horticultural Science, 35:196-198.

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics 2012. Cowpea farming in Ghana. Bulletin of Tropical Legumes, http://www.n2africa.org/sites/n2africa .org/fles/images/BTL16-20122712 0.pdf.

Ittah, M. A. and Binang, W. B. 2012. Screening cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) lines for resistance to some viruses in Nigeria. Continental Journal of Agricultural Science,6 (1):50-55

Ittah, M. A., Fawole, I., Shoyinka, S. A. and Hughes, J. D. A. 2010. Sources of resistance to seed transmission of some seed-borne viruses of cowpea. Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9:69-75.

Jackai, L. E. N. and Adalla, C. B. 1997. Pest management practices in cowpea: a review. In: Advances in Cowpea Research. IITA/JIRCAS. Singh, B. B., Mohan Raj, D. R., Dashiel, K. E. and Jackai, L. E. N. (eds.). p 240-258.

Ladipo, J. L. 1977. Seed transmission of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus in some cowpea cultivars. Nigerian Journal of Plant Protection, 3:3-10

Manyangarirwa, W., Bwerazuva, T. and Mortensen, C. N. 2009. Seed-borne fungal and bacterial pathogens on farm-retained cowpea seeds from Zimbabwe. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, 9:595-599.

Ng, N.Q. and Hughes, J.D.A., 1998. Theoretical and pract ical considerations in the regeneration of cowpea germplasm at IITA. In Regeneration of Seed Crops and Their Wild Relatives: Proceedings of a Consultation Meeting, 4-7 December 1995, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India, 26 (40):76.

Ojuederie, O. B., Odu, B. O. and Ilori, C. O. 2009. Serological detection of seed borne viruses in cowpea regenerated germplasm using protein a sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. African Crop Science Journal, 17:125-132.

Orawu, O. 2007. Occurrence of Cowpea aphidborne mosaic virus and prospects of improving resistance in local cowpea landraces in Uganda. PhD thesis, University of Makerere, Uganda

Owolabi, A. T., Taiwo, M. A. and Mabadeje, S. A. 1988. Effects of single and mixed inoculations with blackeye cowpea mosaic virus on two Nigerian cowpea cultivars. Nigeria Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 2:25-33

Puttaraju, H. R., Prakash, H. S. and Shetty, H. S. 2000a. Field incidence, seed-transmission and susceptibility of cowpea varieties with reference to Blackeye Cowpea Mosaic Potyvirus. Seed Research, 28(2):196-202

Puttaraju, H. R., Prakash, H. S. and Shetty, H. S. 2004b. Seed infection by Blackeye cowpea mosaic potyvirus and yield loss in different cowpea varieties. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 34:41-46

Quin, F. M. 1997. Introduction. p ix-xv. In: Advances in Cowpea Research. Singh, B. B., Mohan Raj, D. R., Dashiel, K. E. and Jackai, L. E. N. (eds.). IITA/JIRCAS.

Sekar, R. and Sulochana, C. B. 1988. Seed transmission of blackeye cowpea mosaic virus in two cowpea varieties. Current Science, 57(1):37-38

Shanker, U. C. A., Nayaka, S. C., Kumar, H. B., Shetty, H. S. and Prakash, S. H. 2009. Detection and identification of the Blackeye cowpea mosaic strain of Bean common mosaic virus in seeds of cowpea in Southern India. Phytoparasitica, 37:283-293

Tarawali, S. A., Singh, B. B., Gupta, S. C., Tabo, R., Harris, F., Nokoe, S., Fernandez-Rivero, S., Bationa, A., Manyong, V. M., Makinde, K. and Odion, E. C. 2002. Cowpea as a key factor for a new approach to integrated croplivestock

systems research in the dry savannas of West Africa. In: Challenges and Opportunities for Enhancing Sustainable Cowpea Production. World Cowpea conference proceedings (IITA) Ibadan, Nigeria. p 233-251.

Zettler, F. W. and Evans, I. R. 1972. Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus in Florida. Host range and incidence in certified cowpea seeds. Florida State Horticultural Society proceedings, 85:99-101.