Cashew research in India

Authors

  • M G Bhat Author
  • K V Nagaraja Author
  • T R Rupa Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v5i1.483

Keywords:

Cashew, Research Achievements, Research Priorities

Abstract

Cashew, after its introduction from Brazil during the 16th Century, has established very well in India. A total of 40 high-yielding varieties have been released so far by the Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur, and various Agricultural Universities, for cultivation. Of these, 13 are hybrids and 27 are selections. Research achievements in the area of crop improvement, management, protection and post-harvest technology over the last six decades are reviewed and documented here. As India has been importing raw nuts to the tune of 6.5 lakh tons annually to cater the demand of established processing factories, research priorities have been identified to meet the challenges of enhancing production and productivity of cashew in the country.

References

Abdul Salam, M. and Peter, K.V. 2010. Cashew - A Monograph. Stadium Press (India) Pvt. Ltd., pp. 26-51

Abeysinghe, D.C., Sangakkara, U.R. and Jayasekera, S.J.B.A. 2003. Intercropping of young cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) and its effects on crop productivity and land utilization. Trop. Agric. Res. 15:10-19 (Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka)

Abraham, E.V. 1958. Pests of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) in South India. Ind. J. Agril. Sci., 28:531-44

Adeyemi, A.A. 1998. Effects of intercropping on weed incidence in cashew (Anacardium occidentale) plantations. Nigerian J. Tree Crop Res., 2:83-94 (Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria)

Aikpokpodion, P.E., Uloko B. and Edibo G. 2009. Nutrient dynamics in soil and cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) leaf and kernel in Kogi State, Nigeria. J Appl. Biosci., 25:1573 – 1578

Aliyu, O.M. and Awopetu, J.A. 2007. Assessment of genetic diversity in three populations of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) using protein-isoenzyme- electrophoretic analysis. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol., 54:1489-1497

Ambika, B. and Abraham, C.C. 1979. Bioecology of Helopletis antonii Sign. (Miridae : Hemiptera) infesting cashew trees. Entomon., 4:335-342

Ananthakrishnan, G., Ravikumar, R., Prem Anand, R., Vengadesan, G., Ganapathi, A. 1999. Induction of somatic embryogenesis from nucellus-derived callus of Anacardium occidentale L. Sci. Hort., 79:91-99

Ananthakrishnan, G., Ravikumar, R. and Girija, S. 2004. Selection of efficient arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of cashew and their application in the cashew nursery. Sci. Hort., 100:369-375

Ankaiah, S. and Rao, P.V. 1987. Studies on the age of leaf, time of absorption and concentration of urea spray on cashew. Ind. Cashew J., 15:9-11

Archak, S., Gaikwad, A.B., Gautam, D., Rao, E.V.V.B., Swamy, K.R.M. and Karihaloo, J.L. 2002. Comparative assessment of DNA fingerprinting techniques (RAPD, ISSR and AFLP) for genetic analysis of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) accessions of India. Genome, 46:362-369

Asogwa, E.U., Hammed, L.A. and Ndubuaku, T.C.N. 2008. Integrated production and protection practices of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) in Nigeria. African J. Biotech., 7:4868-4873

Badhe, V.T. and Magar, S.S. 2004. Influence of different conservation measures on runoff, soil and nutrient loss under cashew nut in lateritic soils of south Konkan region. Ind. J. Soil Conser., 32:143-147

Balasubramanain, D. 1998. Equilibrium moisture content of raw cashewnut. Cashew Bull., 35:2-3

Balasubramanian, D. 2001. Cashew processing industries in Kerala: Quilon and Calicut. The Cashew, 15:28-35

Balasubramanian, D. and Narayanan, L. 2006. Moisture description characteristics of cashew kernel. The Cashew, 20:13-19

Behara, A.K. and Satapthy, C.R. 1998. Influence of the environmental factors on the cashew nut shoot tip caterpillar, Hypotima haligramma Meyr. Cashew Bull., 35:17-18

Bhat, M.G., Kumara, P.M. and Thimmappaiah. 1998. Pollination technique in cashew. The Cashew, 12:21-26

Bhat, P.S. and Raviprasad, T.N. 1996. Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi against cashew stem and root borer Plocaederus ferruginues L. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). J. Plant. Crops, 24:265-271

Blaikie, S.J., Chacko, E.K. and Lu, P. 2001. Productivity and water relations of field-grown cashew: a comparison of sprinkler and drip irrigation. Australian J. Exptl. Agri., 41:663-673

Cardoso, J.E. and Freire, F.C.O. 1998. Spread and control of gummosis in cashew trunks cut for top working. Fetopatologia Brasileira, 23:48-50

Cardoza, V. and D’Souza. 2002. Induction, development, and germination of somatic embryos from nucellar tissue of cashew, Anacardium occidentale L. Sci. Hort., 93:367-372

Carneiro, P.T., Fernandes, P.D. and Gheyi, H.R. 2002. Germination and initial growth of precocious dwarf cashew genotypes under saline conditions. Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agricola E Ambiental, 6:199-206

Cavalcanti-Junior, A.T. and Rossetti, A.G. 2004. Humidity of storage of the cashew-nuts. Revista-Ciencia -Agronomica, 35:384-389

Chattopadhyay, N. and Ghose, S.N. 1994. Studies on the effect of time and extent of pruning in increasing the yield of cashew. J Plant. Crops, 22:111-114

Croxford, A.E., Robson, M., Wilkinson, M.J. 2005. Characterization and PCR multiplexing of polymorphic microsatellite loci in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) and their cross-species utilization. Mol. Ecol. Notes, 6:249-251

D’Silva, I. and D’Souza, L. 1992. In vitro propagation of Anacardium occidentale L. Pl. Cell Tiss. & Organ Cult., 29:1-6

Das, S., Jha, T.B. and Jha, S. 1996. In vitro propagation of cashew nut. Pl. Cell Rep., 15:615-619

Deshmukh, M.T., Sawke, D.P., Borude, S.G., Hurni, H. and Tato, K. 1992. Effects of platform bench terraces on the growth and yield of mango and cashew grafts. Erosion, conservation, and small scale farming report. Department of Agricultural Engineering, Konkan Agriculture University, Ratnatgiri, India. pp 477-482

Devashayam, S. 1989. Erythmelus helopeltidis Gahan (Hymenoptera: mymaridae) - a new parasite of Helopeltis antonii Sign. on cashew. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 86: 113

Devashayam, S. and Nair, C.P.R. 1986. The mosquito bug, Helopeltis antonii Sign. on cashew in India. J. Plant. Crops, 14:1-10

Dhanaraj, A.L., Rao, E.V.V.B., Swamy, K.R.M., Bhat, M.G., Prasad, D.T., Sondur, S.N., 2002. Using RAPDs to assess the diversity in Indian Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) germplasm. J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol., 77:41-47

Fernandez, M. and Sudheer, S.V. 2003. Cashew kernel packaging: an eco--friendly and cost- effective alternative. The Cashew, 17:32-36

Fragoso, H.A. 1999. Macronutrient removal by both cashew nut and apple of two dwarf cashew clones. Revista Brasileira De Ciencia Do Solo, 23:603-608

Ghose, S.N. 1991. Studies on screening of cashew types for rootstock in softwood grafting. The Cashew, 5:3-4

Ghosh, S.N. and Bose, T.K. 1986. Nutritional requirement of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in lateritic tract of West Bengal. Ind. Cashew J., 18:11-16

Ghosh, S.N. 1988. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on flowering duration, yield and shelling percentage of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Ind. Cashew J., 19:19-23

Ghosh, S.N. 1990. Studies on the NPK requirement of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in lateritic tract of West Bengal. The Cashew, 4:6-9

Ghosh, S.N., Chattopadhyay, N. and Hore, J.K. 2000. Effect of plant spacing on yield of cashew. Recent Advances in Plantation Crops Research, 13:157-159 (Proceedings of PLACROSYM - XIII, 1998)

Gogte, S., Nadgauda, R., 2000. Induction of somatic embryogenesis in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Plant, 36:41-46

Grundon, N.J. 2001. A desktop study to predict the fertilizer requirements of cashew trees in Northern Australia. CSIRO Land and Water, Atherton, Technical Report, 32/01

Gupta, C.R. 1999. Intercropping in cashew orchard under rainfed condition - a model for Bastar plateau zone of Madhya Pradesh. The Cashew, 13:18-22

Guruprasad, T.R., Hanumanthappa, M., Sudhir, K.V. and Dhananjaya, B. 2009. Technologies for improvement of senile cashew gardens. The Cashew and Cocoa J., 1:18-22

Haldankar, PM., Deshpande, S.B., Chavan,V.G. and Rao, E.V.V.B. 2003. Weather associated yield variability in cashewnut. J. Agrometeorology, 5:73-76

Hall, F.J, 1965. Cashew Nut Processing – Part II: Trials of equipment in Western Nigeria. Trop. Sci., 8:160-171

Harish Kumar, P. and Sreedharan, C. 1986. Nut characters as influenced by different levels of NPK in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Ind. Cashew J., 18:15-17

Hegde, M., Kulashekaran, M., Shanmughavelu, K.G., and Jayasankar, S. 1994. In vitro embryogenesis in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Ind. Cashew J., 21:17-25

Ingle, S.T., More, M.R. and Narvankar, D.S. 2005. Management of irrigation to cashew plantation through drip irrigation. Drainage and Irrigation Water Mgt, College of Agril Engineering and Technology, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli – 415 712. pp. 165.169

Kesavachandran, R. and Khader, M.D. 1990. Procs. Natl. Sem. Biotech. approaches for upgradation of Agri and Hort Crops, TNAU, Coimbatore, India, pp. 57- 58.

Khan, M.M., Hiremath, I.G. and Kumar, D.P. 1988. Top- working in cashew – A rapid method of producing scion material. Cashew Bull., 25:11-13

Khan, M.M., Hegde, M., Hiremath, I.G. and Mallika, B. 1985. Rejuvenation of old cashew trees by top- working. Ind. Cashew J., 17:9-25

Khan, M.M., Kumar, D.P. and Hiremath, I.G. 1987. Pruning studies in cashew. The Cashew, 1: 1-12

Kumar, D.P. Khan, M.M. and Venkataramu, M. N. 1995. Effect of NPK and growth regulators on harvesting, nut yield, shelling per cent and kernel grade of cashew. J. Plant. Crops, 23:96-104

Kumar, D.P., Hegde, M. and Khan, M.M. 1993. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth and yield of cashew in coastal soils of Karnataka. Cashew Bull., 30:9-12

Kumar, D.P. 1990. The growth and yield performance of top-worked cashew trees. Cashew Bull., 27:7-10

Kumar, D.P., Khan, M.M., Melanta, K.R. 1994. Effect of growth regulators on sex expression, fruit set, fruit retention and yield of cashew. Proc. of the XI Symposium on Plantation Crops. 30 November – 3 December 1994, Calicut, Kerala, India, pp.610-627.

Kumar, D.P., Subbarayappa, A., Hiremath, I.G., Khan, M.M. and Sadashivaiah. 1989. Use of coconut coir-pith: a biowaste as soil mulch in cashew plantations. The Cashew, 3:23-24

Kumar, D.P., Hegde, M. and Guruprasad, T.R. 1998. Fertigation for higher nut production in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Cashew Bull., 35:2-4

Lakshmipathy, R. 2000. Symbiotic response of cashew root stocks to different VAM fungi. The Cashew, 14:20-24

Latha, A. and Salam, M.A. 2001. Cashew varieties tolerant to K-deficient soils. J. Plant. Crops, 29:16-21

Latha, A. and Salam, M.A. 2003. Response of cashew seedlings to soil moisture regimes. The Cashew, 17:17-20

Latha, A, John, P.S. and George, M. 1994. Productivity of cashew as influenced by chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen content. J. Trop. Agril., 32:86-88

Latha, A. 2000. Cashew varieties tolerant to N deficient soils. The Cashew, 14:29-39

Latha, A. and Salam, M.A. 2001. Screening of cashew varieties for drought tolerance. J. Plant. Crops, 29:27-30

Leva, A.P. and Falcone, A.M. 1990. Propagation and organogenesis in vitro of Anacardium occidentale L. Acta Hort., 280:143-145

Lievens, C., Pylyser, M. and Boxus, P.H. 1989. First results about micropropagation of Anacardium occidentale by tissue culture. Fruits, 44:553-557

Lima, Junior and Borges, M. de F. 2004. Cashew nut kernel storage: influence of packaging and salting. Revista Ciencia Agronomica, 35:104-109

Lima, R. de L.S. de., Fernandes, V.L.B. and Oliveira, V.H. de. 2001. Growth of seedling dwarf-precocious cashew influenced by organic and mineral fertilizations. Revista Brasileira De Fruticultura, 23:391-395

Mane, M.S., Mahadkar, U.V., Ayare, B.L. and Thorat, T.N. 2009. Performance of mechanical soil conservation measures in cashew plantation grown on steep slopes of Konkan. Ind. J. Soil Conservation, 37:181-184

Manjunatha, D. 2001. Effect of nutrients (NPK) supplied through irrigation water on growth of rootstocks and grafts of cashew. The Cashew, 15:13-18

Mantell, S.H., Boggetti, B., Bessa, A.M.S., Lemos, E.P., Abdelhadi, A. and Mneney, E.E. 1997. Micropropagation and micrografting methods suitable for international transfers of cashew. In: Procs. international Cashew and Coconut Conference, Dar es Salam, Tanzania, February 17-21, p.24

Maranan, F.S. and Mendioro, M.S. 2008. Isozyme analysis of Philippine cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) germplasm. The Philippine Agri. Scient., 91:329-333

Mathew, A.G. 1995. Improved shelling machine. Cashew Bull., 32:9-11

Mishra, J.N., Paul, J.C. and Pradhan, P.C. 2008. Response of cashew to drip irrigation and mulching in coastal Orissa. J. Soil and Water Conservation, 7:36-40

Mneney, E.E., Mantell, S.H. and Bennett, M., 2001. Use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to reveal genetic diversity within and between populations of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). J. Hort. Sci. Biotech., 76:375-383

Mohan, E. and Rao, M.M. 1995. Effect of growth regulators and pruning on the growth and yield of cashew. Environ, Eco., 13:675-679

Mohan, E. and Room Singh 1988. Effect of time and severity of pruning in cashew. Proc. of VIII Symposium on Plantation Crops. 28 – 30 December 1988, Kochi, Kerala, India. pp 7 – 10.

Mohapatra, A.R., Vijayakumar, K. and Bhat, N.T. 1973. A study on nutrient removal by the cashew tree. Indian Cashew J., 9:19-20

Mohapatra, L.N., Behara, A.K. and Satapthy, C.R. 1998. Influence of the environmental factors on the cashew nut shoot tip caterpillar, Hypotima haligramma Meyr. Cashew Bull., 35:17-18

Nagaraja, K.V. 2007. Biochemistry of cashew: a review. J. Food Sci. & Tech., 44:1-9

Nagaraja, K.V. 2010. Biochemical characteristics of released varieties. (Ed. P.S. Bhat), Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur, pp 49

Nair, S.R. and Mohankumar, N. 1993. Standardization of tissue / apical meristem culture techniques on Horticultural crops of Kerala. Final Technical Report, USDA, IN-AES-34 Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, pp. 3-15

Nawale, R.N., Sawke, D.P. and Salvi, M.J. 1985. Effect of black polyethylene mulch and supplemental irrigation on fruit retention in cashewnut. Cashew Causerie, 7:8-9

Nayak, M.G. 1996. Training and pruning practices for cashew. The Cashew, 10:5-9

Neto, P.S, Maruta, I., Takaiwa, F., Oono, K., Matsumoto, K. and Gomes, J.A. 1995. Identification of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) seedlings with RAPD markers. Acta Hort. 370:21-26

Oblisami, G., Santhanakrishnan, P., Pappaiah, C.M. and Shanmugavelu, K.G. 1985. Effect of Azotobacter inoculant and growth regulators on the growth of cashew. Acta Hort., 108:40-45

O’Farrell, P.J., Armour, J.D. and Reid, D.J. 2010). Nitrogen use for high productivity and sustainability in cashew. Sci. Hort., 124:19-28

Ohler, J.G. 1979. Cashew processing. Tropical Abstracts, 21:1792-2007

Oliveira, V.H. de., Barros, L. de M. and Lima, R.N. 2003 . Influence of irrigation and genotype on the nut production of precocious dwarf cashew. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 38:61-66

Panda, J.M. 1990. Effect of pruning severity on yield of cashew nut. Cashew Bull., 27:15-17

Patrick O’Farrell, John Armour and David Reid. 2002. The effect of nitrogen on cashew in north Queensland 1995-99. RIRDC Publication No W02/001. RIRDC Project No. DAQ-257A

Philip, V.J. 1984. In vitro organogenesis and plantlet formation in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Ann. Bot., 54:149-152

Pillai, G.B., Singh, Vijay, Dubey, O.P. and Abraham, V.A. 1984. Seasonal abundance of tea mosquito bug, Helopltis antonii on cashew in relation to meteorological factors. In: Cashew research and development (Eds: E.V.V.B. Roa and H.H Khan) Indian Society for Plantation Crops, CPCRI, Kasaraghod, India, pp.103-110

Prasannakumar, B., Reddy, M.L.N. and Radhakrishna, Y. 2006. Studies on the NPK requirement of clonally multiplied cashew in sandy soils of Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh. The Cashew, 20:23-29

Rejani, R. and Yadukumar, N. 2006. Effect of soil and water conservation techniques for cashew plantations grown on steep slopes. J. Plant. Crops, 34:304- 308

Rai P.S.1984. Handbook on cashew pests. Rsearchco Publications, 199, East Azad Nagar, Delhi – 110 051. pp.124.

Ramanayake, S.M.S.D. and Kovoor 1999. In vitro micrografting of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L). J. Hort. Sci.& Biotech., 74:265-268

Ramesh, N., Lingaiah, H.B. and Khan, N.M. 1999. Economics of bio-fertilizer application in cashew graft production under eastern dry zone of Karnataka. Crop Res., (HISAR) 17:336-341

Rao, G.S.L.H.V.P., Giridharan, M.P. and Jayaprakash Naik, B. 2001. Influence of weather factors on bud-break, flowering and nut quality of cashew. Ind. J. Agril. Sci., 71:399-402

Raviprasad, T.N., Bhat, P.S. and Sundararaju, D. 2009. Integrated pest management approaches to minimize incidence of cashew stem and root borers (Plocaederus spp.). J. Plant. Crops, 37:185-189

Raviprasad, T.N., Sundararaju, D. and Bhat, P.S. 2005 Efficacy of botanicals against Helopeltis antonii Sig. infesting cashew. The Cashew, 29:9-14

Richards, N.K. 1993. Cashew Research in Northern Territory, Australia, 1987-1991. Tech. Bull. No. 202 Salam, M.A., John, P.J., Joseph, M., Poduwal, M., Kumar, P., Yadukumar, N. and Bhat, M.G. 2008. Quantitative estimation of soil fertility and fertilizer recommendations (QUEFC) for Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). J. Plant. Crops, 36:86-94

Salam, M.A. 1997. High density planting in cashew – principles and practices. The Cashew, 11:12-20

Salam, M.A. 1999. Cashew varieties suitable for high density planting. Cashew Bull., 37:3-5

Sapkal, B.B. 2000. Integration of foliar application of urea and insecticidal spray for yield maximization in cashew. The Cashew, 14:41-44

Satpathy, B. 1988. Thinning, training and pruning of cashew to increase production and productivity of cashewnut. The Cashew, 2:6-8

Sawke, D.P., Gunjate, R.T., Limaye, V.P. 1985. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorous and potash fertilization on growth and production of cashewnut. Acta Hort., 108:95-99

Sawke, D.P., Deshpande, S.B. and Gunjate, R.T. 1994. Nutrient management in cashew. Proc. of the XI Symposium on Plantation Crops. 30 November – 3 December 1994, Calicut, Kerala, India. pp. 3-9.

Shingre, D.V., Gawankar, M.S. and Jamadagni, B.M. 2003. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen on scion yield in cashew. The Cashew, 17:19-22

Shirly, R.A. and Thimmappaiah. 2005. Somatic embryogenesis in nucellar callus of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) J. Hort. Sci. & Biotech., 80:327-331

Shi-WenGe., Qiao-GuanMing., Wang-YongGang and Zhu- XinTian. 2005. Experiment of applying nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers for cashew nut. South-China Fruits. (1):30 (Research Institute of Forestry, Honghe Harni and Yi Nationality Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China)

Singh, S.K., Syamal, M.M. and Maurya, A.N. 1992. Effect of NAA and Ethrel on vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting and yield of cashewnut. The Cashew, 6:11-12

Singh, S.N. 1997. Effect of bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum) in cashew plantation. Environ. Ecol., 15:482-484

Sivaprasad, P., Sulochana, K.K., George, B. and Salam. M.A. 1992. Growth and phosphorous uptake of cashew as influenced by inoculation with mycorrhizae. The Cashew, 6:16-18

Souza, I.H., Andrade, E.M. and Bezerra, F.M.L. 2004. Initial growth of early dwarf cashew plants under different soil water tensions. Proc. of the Interamerican Soc. for Tropical Horti. 47:157-160 (Escola Agrotecnica Federal de Iguatu, CEP: 63.500-000, Iguatu, CE, Brazil)

Sridar, R., Shah, H.A. and Manivannan, K. 1990. The effect of VA mycorrhizae inoculation on certain growth characters of cashew. Cashew Bull., 27:15-16

Subbaiah, C.C., Manikandan, P. and Joshi, Y. 1986. Yellow leaf spot of cashew: a case of molybdenum deficiency. Pl. and Soil, 94:35-42

Sundararaju, D. Yadukumar, N. Bhat, P.S., Raviprasad, T.N., Venkatakumar, R. and Sreenath Dixit. 2006. Yield performance of ‘Bhaskara‘ cashew variety in coastal Karnataka. J. Plant. Crops, 34:216-219

Sundararaju, D. 1984. Studies on cashew pests and their natural enemies in Goa. J. Plant. Crops, 12:38-46

Sundararaju, D. 1993a. Studies on the parasitoids of the mosquito bug, Helopeltis antonii Sign. (Hymenoptera: mymaridae) on cashew with special reference to Telenomous sp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). J. Biol. Control, 7:68

Sundararaju, D. 1993b. Compilation of recently recorded and some new pests of cashew in India. The Cashew, 7:15-19

Sundararaju, D.and Bakthavatsalam, N. 1990. Cashew pest management for coastal Karnataka. The Cashew, 4:3-6

Sundararaju, D. and Bakthavatsalam, N. 1994. Pests of cashew. In: Advances in Horticulture, Vol.10 (Eds. K.L. Chadha and P. Rethinam), Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi, India, pp. 759-785

Sundararaju, D., Bakthavatsalam, N. and Bhat, P.S. 1993. Ovicidal activity and residual toxicity of certain insecticides of tea mosquito bug Helopltis antonii Sign. (Hymenoptera: mymaridae) infesting cashew. Pestology, 17:14-17

Swamy, K.R.M. 1995. Top working of cashew in Goa and Maharashtra States – a case study. The Cashew, 9:12-17.

Swamy, K.R.M., Bhaskara Rao, E.V.V. and Bhat, M.G. 1997. Catalogue of minimum descriptors of cashew germplasm accessions – I, pp 41

Swamy, K.R.M., Bhaskara Rao, E.V.V. and Bhat, M.G. 1998. Catalogue of minimum descriptors of cashew germplasm accessions – II, pp 54

Swamy, K.R.M., Bhaskara Rao, E.V.V. and Bhat, M.G. 2000. Catalogue of minimum descriptors of cashew germplasm accessions – III, pp 54

Swamy, K.R.M., Bhaskara Rao, E.V.V., Nagaraja, B., and Nayak, M.G. 1993. Commercial propagation of cashew varieties. Proc. Of the Golden Jubliee Symp. on Horticulture Research – Changing Scenario. Bangalore from 24-28 May 1993. Abstr. 26-31, pp 448 – 449.

Sy, M.O., Martinelli, L. and Scienza, A. 1991. In vitro organogenesis and regeneration in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Acta Hort., 289:267-268

Thimmappaiah 1997. In vitro studies on cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) – Ph. D thesis in Biosciences submitted to Mangalore University. Thimmappaiah and Shirly Raichal Anil 1999. In vitro regeneration of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Ind. J. Exptl. Biol., 37:384-390

Thimmappaiah and Shirly Raichal Anil 2000. Micropropagation in mature tree of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) In: Recent Advances in Plantation Crops (Eds: N. Muralidharan and R. Raj Kumar), Allied publishers Ltd., New Delhi. pp 45-48

Thimmappaiah, Santhosh, W.G., Shobha, D. and Melwyn, G.S. 2009a. Assessment of genetic diversity in cashew germplasm using RAPD and ISSR markers. Sci. Hort., 120:411-417

Thimmappaiah, Shirly, R.A. and Sadhana, P.H. 2002a. In vitro propagation of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L) from shoot explants of young trees. In Vitro Cell. & Dev.. Biol.-Plant, 38:152-156

Thimmappaiah, Shirly, R.A. and Sadhana P.H. 2002b. In- vitro propagation of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L). Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) from shoot explants of young trees. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant, 38:152-156

Thimmappaiah., Puthra, G.T. and Shirly, Raichal Anil 2002c. In vitro grafting of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L). Sci. Hort., 92:177-182

Thimmappaiah., Melwyn, G.S., Shobha, D. and Shirly, Raichal Anil. 2009b. Assessment of cashew species for molecular diversity. J. Plant. Crops, 37:146-151

Uthaiah, B.C., Sridhara Herle, P., Khan, M.M., Hiremath, I.G., Kumar, D.P. and Balakrishna Rao, K. 1989. Pre- bearing performance of some cashew types in coastal Karnataka, The Cashew, 3:9-11

Veeraraghavan, P.G., Celine, V.A. and Balakrishnan, S. 1985. Study on the fertilizer requirements of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Cashew Causerie, 7:6-8

Wang, F., Robotham, J.M., Teuber, S.S., Tawde, P., Sathe, S.K. and Roux, K.H. 2002. Anao1, a cashew (Anacardium occidentale) allergen of the vicilin seed storage protein family. J. Aller. Clinic. Immunol., 110:160-6

Yadukumar, N. 2007. Organic farming in cashew. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Research, Development and Marketing of Cashew, 20-21 st November, Goa, pp. 36-46

Yadukumar, N. and Mandal, R.C. 1994. Effect of supplementary irrigation on cashewnut yield. Water Management for Plantation Crops - Problems and Prospects. Centre for Water Resource Development and Management, Calicut, Kerala. pp.79-84

Yadukumar, N. and Nandan, S.L. 2005. Recycling organic wastes of cashew plantations by aerobic composting. J. Plant. Crops, 33:99-102

Yadukumar, N. and Rejani, R. 2006. Temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture content and development of a yield model based on soil moisture content. J. Plant. Crops, 34:364-367

Yadukumar, N. and Rejani, R. 2008. Soil and water management in cashew plantations – Technical Bulletin (10). NRC – Cashew, Puttur, Darbe (PO), D.K., Karnataka, 20 pp

Yadukumar, N., Rao, E.V.V.B. and Mohan, E. 2001. High density planting of cashew. Trop. Agri., 78:19-28

Yadukumar, N., Raviprasad, T.N., Nagaraja, K.V., Haldankar, P.M., Godase, S.K., Susanamma, K., Gajendran, G., Mahalingam, T., Lenka, P.C., Mohapatra, R.N. and Bandyopadhyay, B. 2003. National Agricultural Technology Project. Final Report on developing integrated production packages for enhancing productivity of cashew. National Research Centre for Cashew, Puttur, D.K., Karnataka. 95pp

Yadukumar, N., Rejani, R. and Nandan, S.L. 2008. Studies on green manuring in high density cashew orchards. J. Plant. Crops, 36:265-269

Downloads

Published

30-06-2010

Issue

Section

Focus

How to Cite

Bhat, M. G., Nagaraja, K. V., & Rupa, T. R. (2010). Cashew research in India. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 5(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v5i1.483

Similar Articles

1-10 of 250

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.