Spices biotechnology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v1i1.663Keywords:
Spice crops, micropropagation, somaclonal variation, DNA fingerprintin, secondary metabolitesAbstract
In recent times, biotechnological tools have supplemented various conventional approaches in conservation,characterization, improvement and utilization for increasing production and productivity of spices. In manyspices, viable micropropagation technologies are available for commercial production and generation of disease - free planting material. Somaclonal variation is important in crops where natural variability is low and a few useful somaclonal variants have been identified in ginger, turmeric and vanilla. Protoplast technology is also available for capsicum, black pepper, fennel, fenugreek, garlic, saffron and peppermint. In vitro cryopreservation, Synseed and Micro-rhizome technologies are available for safe propagation, conservation, movement, and exchange of spices germplasm. Studies are in progress for in vitro production of flavour and colouring compounds like capsaicin, vanillin, anethole, crocin, picrocrocin, saff'ranal, etc. using immobilized and transformed cell cultures. Use of molecular markers for crop profiling, fingerprinting, molecular taxonomy, identification of duplicate hybrids, estimation of genetic fidelity and tagging of genes for marker aided selection (MAS) is gaining importance. Isolation of important and useful genes and development of transgenics is in the preliminary stage.
References
Agarwal, S. 1988. Shoot tip culture of pepper and its micropropagation. Curr Sci., 57:1347 - 1348.
Ahuja, A., Verma, M and Grewal S. 1982. Clonal propagation of Ocimum species through tissue culture. Ind. J. Exptl. Biol., 20:455-458.
Ajith, A., Parani, M., Rio, C.S., Latha, R. and Balakrishna, R 1997. Micropropagation and genetic fidelity studies in Piper longum L. p. 94-97. In: Biotechnology of Spices, Medicinal & Aromatic Plants. Edison, S., K.V. Ramana, B. Sasikumar,
K.N.Babu, S. J. Eapen. (eds.), Indian Society of Spices, Calicut, Kerala, India.
Ammirato, P.V. 1983. The regulation of somatic embryo development in plant cell cultures : Suspension culture techniques and hormone requirements. Bio/Tech, 1:68-74.
Anjali,V., Nikhil, K and Ranade, S.A. 2004. Genetic diversity amongst landraces of a dioecious vegetatively propagated plant, betelvine (Piper betle L.). /. Biosci., 29:319-328.
Anu, A., Nirmal Babu, K and Peter, K.V. 2004. Variations among somaclones and its seedling progeny in Capsicum annuum. PI. Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 76:261-267.
Amedo-Andres, M.S., Gil Ortega, R., Luis Arteaga,M and Hormaza, J.I. 2002. Development of RAPD and SCAR markers linked to the Pvr4 locus for resistance to PVY in pepper {Capsicum annuum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet., 105:1067-1074.
Ayabe, M., Taniguchi, K and Sumi, S.I. 1995. Regeneration of whole plants from protoplasts isolated from tissue
cultured shoot primordia of garlic {Allium sativum L.).Pl. Cell Rep., 15:17-21.
Bai. J., Miao, C, Xu, Y., Tang, L., Wang, Z. T & Chen, F. 2004. Cloning, expression of Crocus sativus phytoene desaturase gene and preparation of antiserum against it. Wuhan University J. Natural Sci., 9:252-258.
Banerjee, N.S., Manoj, P and Das, M.R. 1999. Male sexassociated RAPD markers in Piper longum L. Curr Sci., 77:693-695.
Barthakur, M.P and Bordoloi, D.N. 1992. Micropropagation of Curcuma amada (Roxb.). J. Spices and Aromatic Crops, 1:154-156.
Bennici, A., Anzidei, M & Vendramin, G.G. 2004. Genetic stability and uniformity of Foe«JCM/Mm vulgare Mill. regenerated plants through organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. PI. Sci., 166:221-227.
Bertaccini, A., Botti, S., TabaneUi, D., Dradi, G, Fogher, C, Previati, A., da Re, F., Nicola, S., Nowak, J and Vavrina, C.S. 2004. Micropropagation and establishment of mite-brone virus-free garlic {Allium sativum). Acta Hort. 631:201-206.
Bhat, A.I., Haresh, P.S and Madhubala, R 2005. Sequencing of coat protein gene of an isolate of Cucumber Mosaic Virus infecting black pepper in Ind. J. PI. Biochem. Biotech., 14:37- 40.
Bhat, S.R., Chandel, K.RS and Malik, S.K. 1995. Plant regeneration from various explants of cultivated Piper species. PI. Cell Rep., 14:398-402.
Bhat, S.R., Chandel, K.S.P and Kacker, A. 1994. In vitro induction of rhizome in ginger Zingiber officinale Rose. Ind. J. Exptl. Biol., 32:340 - 344
Bhat, S.R., Kackar, A and Chandel, K.RS. 1992. Plant regeneration from callus cultures of Piper longum L. by organogenesis. PI. Cell Rep., 11:525-528.
Bhojwani, S.S. 1980. In vitro propagation of garlic by shoot proliferation. Sci. Hort., 13:47-52.
Bhuyan, A.K., Pattnaik, S and Chand, P.K. 1997. Micropropagation of curry leaf tree {Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.) by axillary proliferation using intact seedlings PI. Cell Rep., 16:779- 782.
Blum, E., Liu, K., Mazourek, M., Yoo, E.Y., Jahn, M and Paran, I. 2002. Molecular mapping of the C locus for presence of pungency in Capsicum. Genome, 45:702-705.
Broome, O.C and Zimmerman, R.N. 1978. In- vitro propagation of black pepper. Hortl. Sci., 43:151 -153.
Buyukalaca, S and Mavituna, F. 1996. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of pepper in liquid media. PI. Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult., 46:227-237.
Cao, H., Sasaki, Y., Fushimi, H., Komatsu, K and Cao, H. 2001. Molecular analysis of medicinally used Chinese and Japanese Curcuma based On 18S rRNA and tmK gene sequences. Bio. Pharmaceutical Bull., 24:1389-1394.
Caranta, C, Thabuis, A and Palloix, A. 1999. Development of CAPS marker for the Pvr 4 locus: a tool for pyramiding potyvirus resistance genes in pepper. Genome, 42:1111-1116.
Cellarova, E .1992. Micropropagation of Mentha. In Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, Vol 19. High Tech and Micropropagation III (Ed. Y P S Bajaj) pp:262-275.
Cervera, E and Madrigal, R. 1981. /n vitro propagation of Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia A.). Environ. Experi. Botany, 21:441.
Chan, L.K and Thong, W.H. 2004. In vitro propagation of Zingiberaceae species with medicinal properties. /. PI. Biotech. 6:181-188.
Chand, S and Roy, S.C. 1981. Induction of organogenesis in callus cultures of Nigella sativa L. Ann. Bot., 48:1-4.
Chang, B.K.W and Criley, A. 1993. Clonal propagation of pink ginger in vitro. Hortl. Sci., 28:1203.
Chavez Moctezume, M.P and Lozoya Gloria, E. 1996. Bio synthesis of sesquturpenic phytoalexin capsidol in elicited root cultures of chilli pepper. PI. Cell Rep., 15:360-367.
Chen, Z.H., Kai, G.Y., Liu, X.J., Lin, J., Sun, X.F and Tang, K.X. 2005. cDNA cloning and characterization of a mannose-binding lectin from Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) rhizomes. J. Biosci., 30:213-220 .
Conn, E.E and McCue, K.F. 1994. Regulation of the shikimate pathway in suspension cultured cells of parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) In Advances in Plant Biotechnology (Ryu D. D. Y. and Furusaki S. eds.) Elsevier Science, Netherlands pp : 95-102.
Davidonis, G and Knorr, D. 1991. Callus formation and shoot regeneration in Vanilla planifolia. Food Biotech., 5:59 66.
Dekkers, A.J., Rio, A.N and Ghosh, C.J. 1991. In vitro storage of multiple shoot culture of gingers at ambient temperatures of 24 29°C. Sci. Hortic, 47:157-167.
Donovan, A., Collin, H.A., Isaac, S and Mortimer, A.M. 1994. Analysis of potential sources of variation in tissue culture derived celery plants. Ann. Appl. Bot., 124:383-398.
Domenburg, H and Knorr, D. 1996. Production of phenolic flavour compounds with cultured cells and tissues of vanilla species. Food Biotech., 10:75-92.
Ernst, D. 1989. Pimpinella anisum L. (Anise): Cell culture, somatic embryogenesis and production of anise oil. In Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry Vol 7- Medicinal and Aromatic Crops II (Y P S Bajaj Ed.), Springer-Verlag Berlin pp:381-397.
Everard, J.D., Cantini, C, Grumet, R., Plummer, J and Loescher, W.H. 1997. Molecular clonning of mannose-6-phosphate reductase and its developmental expression in celery. PL Physiol., 113:1427.
Pari, M and Czako, M. 1981. Relationships between position and morphogenic responses of pepper hypocotyl explants cultured in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae. 15:207.
Funk, C and Brodelius, P.F. 1990a. Phenyl propanoid metabolism in suspension cultures of Vanilla planifolia Andr. II. Effects of precursor feeding and metabolic inhibitors. Plant Physio., 94:95-101.
Funk, C and Brodelius, P.F. 1990b. Phenyl propanoid metabolism in suspension cultures of Vanilla planifolia Andr. Ill Conversion of 4- methoxycinnamic acids into 4 - hydroxybenzoic acids. Plant Physio., 94:102-108.
Furmanowa, M and Olszowska, 0.1992. Micropropagation of Thyme {Thymus vulgaris L.) pp : 230-242 In Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry Vol.19 High-Tech and Micropropagation III (Y P S Bajaj Ed) Springer Verlag, Heildelberg.
Gayatri, M.C., Roopa, D.V and Kavyashree, R. 2005. Selection of turmeric callus for tolerant to culture filtrate of Pythium graminicolum and regeneration of plants, PI. Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult., 83:33-40.
Geetha, S and Shetty, S.A. 2000. In vitro propagation of Vanilla planifolia, a tropical orchid. Curr. Sci., 79:886-889.
George, P.S and Ravishankar, G.A. 1997. In vitro multiplication of Vanilla planifolia using axillary bud explants. PI. Cell Rep., 16:490-494.
Ghosh, D.K., Ahlawat, Y.S and Dutta, G.M. 1997. Production of virus free garlic plants by thermotherapy and meristem culture. Ind. J. Agril. Sci., 67:591-594.
Gonzalez-Melendi, P., Testillano, P.S., Ahamadian, P., Fadon, B and Risueno, M.C. 1996. New in situ approaches to study the induction of pollen embryogenesis in Capsicum annuum. European J. Cell Bio., 69-313-1,U.
Hazarika, B.N., Nagaraju, V and Parthasarathy, V.A. 1995. Micropropagation of Murraya koenigii Spreng. Ann. PI. Physiol., 9:149-151.
Himeno, H and Sano, K. 1995. Synthesis of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal by saffron stigma like structures proliferated in vitro. Agril. Bio. Chem.,. 51:2395-2400.
Hippolyte, I., Marin, B., Baccou, J.C and Jonard, R. 1992. Growth and rosmarinic acid production in cell suspension cultures of Salvia officinalis L. PI. Cell Rep., 11:109-112.
Homes, J., Legros, M and Laziul. 1987. In vitro multiplication of Crocus sativus L Acta Hort.. 212:675-676
Hori, H., Enomoto, K and Nakaya, H. 1988. Induction of callus from pistils of Crocus sativus L. and production of colour components in the callus. PI. Tiss. Cult. Lett., 5:72 -77.
Huang, L.C., Huang, B.L and Murashige, T. 1998. A micropropagation protocol for Cinnamomum camphora. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol- Plant 34:141- 146.
Huh, J.H., Kang, B.C., Nahm, S.H., Kim, S., Lee, M.H and Kim, B.D. 2001. A candidate gene approach identified phytoene synthase as the locus for mature fruit color in red pepper (Capsicum spp.). Theor. Appl. Genet., 102:524-530.
Hunault, C, Desmarest, P and Du Manoir, J. 1989. Foeniculum vulgare Miller: Cell cultures, regeneration and the production of anethole. pp. 185- 209. In Biotechnology and Forestry Vol 7. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants II (Y. P. S. Bajaj ed) Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg..
Hunault, G and Du Manoir, J. 1992. Micropropagation of fennel, pp: 199-216. In: Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry Vol.19 High-Tech and Micropropagation III (Y P S Bajaj Ed). Springer- Verlag, Heidelberg.
Hunault, G and Maatar, A. 1995. Enhancement of somatic embryogenesis frequency by gibberellic acid in
fennel. PI. Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 41:171-176
IISR. 2003. Annual Report 2002-2003, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut
IISR. 2004. Annual Report 2003-2004, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut
IISR. 2005. Annual Report 2004-2005, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut
Ilahi, I. and Jabeen, M. 1992. Tissue culture studies for micropropagation and extraction of essential oils from Zingiber officinale Rose. Pak. J. Bot., 24:54-59.
Ilahi, I., Jabeen, M and Firdous, N.C. 1987. Morphogenesis with saffron tissue culture. J. PI. Physiol., 128:221 -223.
Isa, T., Ogasawara, T and Kaneko, H. 1990. Regeneration of saffron protoplasts immobilised in Ca - Alginate beads. Jap. J. Breed., 40:153-159.
Iyer, I.R., Jayaraman, C and Gopinath, P.M. 2000. Isolation of protoplasts from leaves of nutmeg Myristica fragrans Houtt. Biomedicine, 20:200-202.
Iyer, I.R., Jayaraman, C, Gopinath, RM and Sita, GL. 2000. Direct somatic embryogenesis in zygotic embryos of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Trop. Agri., 77:98-105.
Iyer, P.V and Pai, J.S. 1998. Micropropagation of sweet marjoram (Marjorana hortensis Moench) J. Spices and Aromatic Crops, 7:47-49.
Jaramillo, M.A and Manos, P.S. 2001. Phylogeny and patterns of floral diversity in the genus Piper (Piperaceae). Amer. J. Bot., 88:706-716.
Jha, T.B., Roy, C and Mitra, GC. 1982. In vitro culture of Cuminum cyminum: regeneration of flowering shoots from calli of hypocotyl and leaf explants. PI. Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 2:11-14.
Johnson, GK., Ganga, G, Sandeep Varma, R., Sasikumar, B and Saji, K.V. 2005. Identification of hybrids in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) using male parentspecific RAPD markers. Curr. Sci., 88:1-2.
Johnson, T.S., Ravishanker, GA and Venkataraman, L.V. 1996. Biotransformation of ferulic acid vanillamine to capsacin and vanillin in immobilised cell cultures of Capsicum frutescens. PI. Cell. Tiss. Org. Cult., 44:117-123.
Johri, J.K., Aminuddin and Aruna, P. 1996. Regeneration of betelvine (Piper betle L.) through somatic embryogenesis. Ind. J. Exptl. Biol, 34:83-85.
Kado, C.I. 1991. Molecular mechanisms of crown gall tumorigenesis. Critical Rev. PL Set., 10:1-33.
Kang, B.C., Nahm, S.H., Huh, J.H., Yoo, H.S., Yu, J.W., Lee, M.H and Kim, B.D. 2001. An interspecific (Capsicum annuum L. x C.chinese) F2 linkage map in pepper using ^FLP and RAPD markers. Theor Appl. Genet., 102:531-539.
Kataeva, N.V and Popowich, E.A. 1993. Maturation and rejuvenation of Coriandrum sativum shoot clones during micropropagation. Plant Cell Tissue & Organ Culture, 34:141-148.
Kim, S.W., Park, M.K and Liu, J.R. 1996b. High frequency plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in cell
suspension cultures of coriander. Pi. Cell Rep., 15:751-754.
Kintzios, S., Kollias, H., Straitouris, E and Makri. 2004. Scale-up micropropagation of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in an airlift bioreactor and accumulation of rosmarinic acid. Biotech. Lett., 26:521-523.
Kononowicz, H and Janick, J. 1984. In vitro propagation of Vanilla planifolia. HortScience. 19:58-59.
Koyama, A., Ohmori, Y., Fujioka, H., Miyagawa, H., Yamasaki, K and Kondaa, H. 1987. Formation of stigma like structures and pigments in cultured tissues of Crocus sativus. Jap. J. Pharmacog. 41:226-229.
Kress, W.J., Prince, L.M. and Williams, K.J. (2002) The phylogeny and a new classification of the gingers (Zingiberaceae): evidence from molecular data. Amer J. Bot., 89:1682-1696.
Lakshmi, M and Mytiiili, S. 2003. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from callus cultures of Kaempferia galanga - a medicinal plant. J. Medicinal Aromatic PI. ScL, 25:947-951
Lissamma Joseph., Nazeem, P.A., Mini, S.T., Shaji Philip and Mini Balachandran. 1996. In vitro techniques for mass multiplication of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and ex vitro performance of the plantlets. J. Plantation Crops (Supplt) 24:511-516.
Liu, W., Parrot, W.A., Hildebrand, D., Collins, G.B and Williams, E.G. 1990. Agrobacterium induced gall formation in bell pepper (C.annuum L.) and formation of shoot like structures expressing induced genes. PI. Cell Rep., 9:360-364.
Madhusudhanan, K and Rahiman, B. A. 1997. In vitro response of Piper species on activated charcoal supplemented media, p. 16-19. In: Biotechnology of Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, Edison, S. Ramana, K. V., Sasikumar, B., Nirmal Babu, K. and Santhosh J. E. (eds.), Indian Society for Spices.
Mallika, V.K., Rekha, K., Marymol, M., Manjula, M and Vikraman Nair, R. 1997. In vitro shoot initiation from explants of field grown trees of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.). p.29-34. In: Biotechnology of Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops. Edison S, Ramana K V, Sasikumar B, Nirmal Babu K and Santhosh J E (eds.), Indian Society for Spices.
Mary, M., Rio, Y,S., Kuruvilla, K.M., Lakshmanan, R., Gilu, L.G., Madhusoodanan, K.J and Potty, S.N. 2000. Multiple shoot regeneration in kokum and camboge. J. Spices and Aromatic Crops, 9:151-152.
Mary, M., Rio, Y.S., Gilu, L.G, Lakshmanan, R and Madhusoodanan, K.J. 2(X)0a. In vitro propagation of Vanilla tahitensis Moore. J. Spices and Aromatic Crops, 9:171-173.
Mascarenhas, A.F., Nair, S., Kulkami, V.M., Agrawal, D.C., Khuspe, S.S and Mehta, U.J. 1987. Tamarind, p. 316- 330. In: Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry, Vol.3 J M Bonga & D J Durzan, (eds.) Martinus Nijhoff, Dordecht.
Mathew, M.K and Hariharan, M. 1990. In vitro multiple shoot formation in Syzygium aromaticum. Ann. Bot. 65:277-279.
Mehta, U.J., Krishnamurthy, K.V and Hazra, S. 2000. Regeneration of plants via adventitious bud formation from mature zygotic embryo axis of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.). Cum Sci., 78:1231-1234.
Mini, P.M., John, C.Z., Samsudeen, K., Rema, J., Nirmal Babu, K and Ravindran, P.N. 1997. Micropropagation of Cinnamomum verum (Bercht & Presl), p.35-38. In. Biotechnology of Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops. Edison S, Ramana K V, Sasikumar B, Nirmal Babu K and Santhosh J E (eds.), Indian Society for Spices.
Minoo, D., Sajina, A., Nirmal Babu, K and Ravindran, P.N. 1997. Ovule culture of vanilla and its potential in crop improvement., p. 112-118. In: Biotechnology of Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Edison, S., Ramana, K.V., Sasikumar, B., Nirmal Babu, K. and Santhosh, J. Eapen (eds.). Indian Society for Spices, Calicut, India.
Miura, Y and Tabata, M. 1986. Direct somatic embryogenesis from protoplasts of Foeniculum vulgare. PI. Cell Rep., 5:310 -313.
Miura, Y, Fukui, H and Tabata, M. 1987. Clonal propagation of chemically uniform fennel plants through somatic embryoids. Planta Medica, 53:92-94.
Nadgauda, R.S., Mascarenhas, A.F., Hendre, R.R and Jagannathan, V. 1978. Rapid clonal multiplication of turmeric Curcuma longa L. plants by tissue culture. Ind. J. Exptl. Biol., 16:120 122 .
Nair, R.R and Gupta, S.D. 2003. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in black pepper {Piper nigrum L.): Direct somatic embryogenesis from tissues of germinating seeds and ontogeny of somatic embryos. J. Hort. Sci. and Biotech., 78:416-421.
Neena Kumari and Saradhi, P.P. 1992. Regeneration of plants from callus cultures of Oreganum vulgare L. PI. Cell Rep., 11:476-479.
Ngamriabsakul, C, Newman, M.F. and Cronk, Q.C.B. (2003) The phylogeny of tribe Zingibereae (Zingiberaceae) based on its (nrDNA) and trnl-f (cpDNA) sequences. Edinburgh J. Bot., 60:483-507.
Nirmal Babu, K., Anu, A., Remasree, A.B and Praveen, K. 2000. Micropropagation of curry leaf tree Murraya koenigUL. (Spreng).PL CellTiss. Org. Cult,61:199-203.
Nirmal Babu, K., Geetha, S.P., Minoo, D., Ravindran, P.N and Peter, K.V. 1999. In vitro conservation of germplasm. pp : 106-129, In: Biotechnology and its application in Horticulture. S P Ghosh (ed). Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
Nirmal Babu, K., Minoo, D., Geetha, S.P, Samsudeen, K., Rema, J., Ravindran, PN and Peter, K.V. 1998. Plant biotechnology - it's role in improvement of spices. Indian J. Agril. Sci., 68 (Special Issue.):533-547.
Nirmal Babu, K., Ravindran, PN and Peter, K.V. 1997. Protocols for micropropagation of spices and aromatic crops. Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, Kerala.
Nirmal Babu, K., Rema, J., Sree Ranjini, D.P., Samsudeen, K and Ravindran, PN. 1996b. Micropropagation of an endangered species of Piper, P. barberi Gamble and its conservation. J. PI. Genet. Resources 9:179-182.
Nirmal Babu, K., Sajina, A., Minoo, D., John, C.Z., Mini, P.M., Rema, J and Ravindran, P.N. 2003. Micropropagation of camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora (Presl.). PI. Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 74:179-183.
Nirmal Babu, K.,. George, J.K., Anandaraj, M., Venugopal, M.N., Nair, R.R 2005. Improvement of selected spices through Biotechnology tools - Black pepper, Cardfamom, Ginger, Vanilla. Final Report, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India. pp. 111.
Nirmal Babu, K. 1997. In vitro studies in Zingiber officinale Rose. Ph.D Thesis. Calicut University, Kerala, India. Okamoto, A., Sakurazawa, H and Arikawa, K. 1994. Regeneration of plantlets from celery (Apium graveolens L.) callus using a fermentor. J.Fermentation and Bioengineering 77:208 -211.
Onisei, T., Toth, E.T and Amariei, D. 1994. Somatic embryogenesis in lavender tissue culture I. Isolation and characteristics of an embryogenic callus line. J. Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants 2:17-29.
Panizza, M and Tognoni, F. 1992. Micropropagation of lavender {Lavandula officinalis Chaix X Lavandula latifolia villars cv. Grosso). pp : 295-305. In: Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Vol.19. High-Tech and Micropropagation III. Y. P. S. Bajaj (ed.) Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
Parani, M., Anand, A and Parida, A. 1997. Application of RAPD finger printing in selection of micropropagated plants of Piper longum for conservation . Cum Sci., 73:81-83.
Patnaik, S and Chand, PK. 1996. In vitro propagation of medicinal herbs Ocimum americanum L. syn. O. canum Sims (hoary basil) and Ocimum santum L. (holy basil). PL Cell Rep., 15:846-851.
Pradeep Kumar, T., Karihaloo, J.L and Archak. S. 2001. Molecular characterization of Piper nigrum cultivars using RAPD markers. Cum ScL, 8:246-248.
Prakash, A.H., Rio, K.S and Kumar, M.U. 1997. Plant regeneration from protoplasts of Capsicum L. cv. California Wonder. J. Biosci., 22:339-344.
Prakash, S., Elangomathavan, R., Seshadri, S., Kathiravan and Ignacimuthu, S. 2004. Efficient regeneration of Curcuma amada Roxb. plandets from rhizome and leaf sheath explants. PL Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 78:159-165.
Pratap, K.R (1992) Artificial Seeds. Vatika. 1:27-30. Prathanturarug, S., Soonthomchareonnon, N., Chuakul, W., Phaidee, Y. and Sarakamp, P. 2005. Rapid micropropagation of Curcuma longa using bud explants pre-cultured in thidiazuron-supplemented liquid medium. PL Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 80:347-351.
Praveen, K. 2005. Variability in Somaclones of Turmeric (Curcuma^onga L.)Ph.D Thesis. Calicut University, Kerala, India.
Rahman, M.M., Amin, M.N., Jahan, H.S and Ahmed, R. 2(X)4. In vitro regeneration of plantlets of Curcuma longa Linn: a valuable spice plant in Bangladesh. Asian J. PL Sci., 3:306-309.
Rao, S.R and Ravishankar, G.A. 2000. Vanilla flavour: production by conventional and biotechnological routes. /. ScL FoodAgri., 80:289-304.
Ratnamba, S.P and Chopra, R.N. 1974. In vitro induction of embryoids from hypocotyls and cotyledons of Anethum graveolens seedlings. Z Pflanzenphysiol. 73:452-455.
Redenbaugh, K., Brian, D.P., James, W., Mary, E., Peter, R and Keith, A.W. 1986. Somatic seeds: Encapsulation of asexual plant embryos. Biotech., 4:9-83.
Regner, F. 1996. Anther and microspore culture in capsicum In: VitroHaploid Production in Higher Plants, pp. 77-89. Jain S M, Sopory S K and Veilleux R E (eds.) Vol. 3. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
Remya, R., Syamkumar, S. and Sasikumar, B. 2004 Isolation and amplification of DNA from turmeric powder . British Food J., 106:673-678.
Renjith, D., Valsala, P.A. and Nybe, E.V. 2001. Response of turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) to in vivo and in vitro pollination. J. Spices and Aromatic Crops, 10:135-139.
Rout, G.R., Palai, S.K., Samantaray, S and Das, R 2001. Effect of growth regulator and culture conditions on shoot multiplcation and rhizome formation in ginger {Zingiber officinale Rose.) in vitro. In Vitro Cell. Devtl. Biol. - Plant, 37:814-819.
Sajina, A., Mini, RM., John, C.Z., Nirmal Babu, K., Ravindran, RN and Peter, K.V. 1997. A note on micropropagation of large cardamom. J. Spices and Aromatic Crops 6:145-148
Salem, K.M.S.A and Charlwood, B.V. 1995. Accumulation of essential oils by Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformed shoot cultures of Pimpinella anisum. PI. Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 40:209-215.
Salvi, N.D., George, L. and Eapen S. 2001 Plant regeneration from leaf base callus of turmeric and random amplification polymorhic DNA analysis of regenerated plants. PI. Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 66:113-119.
Salvi, N.D., George, L. and Eapen, S. 2002 Micropropagation and field evaluation of micropropagated plants of turmeric. PI. Cell Tiss. Org. CM//., 68:143-151.
Sano, K and Himeno, H. 1987. In vitro proliferation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) stigma. PI. Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 11:159-166.
Sarasan, V., Elizabeth, T., Beena, L and Nair, GM. 1993. Plant regeneration in Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) through direct and indirect adventitious shoot development. J. Spices and Aromatic Crops 2:34-40.
Sasaki, Y., Fushimi, H and Komatsu, K. 2004. Application of single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis of the tmK gene to the identification of Curcuma plants. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 27:144-146.
Sasaki, Y, Fushimi, H., Cao, H., Cai, S.Q. and Komatsu, K. 2002 Sequence analysis of Chinese and Japanese Curcuma drugs on the 18S rRNA gene and tmK gene and the application of amplification-refractory mutation system analysis for their authentication. Biol. Pharm. Bull, 25:1593-9.
Sasikumar, B and Veluthambi, K. 1996b. Transformation of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) using Agrobacterium Ti plasmid based vectors. Ind. Perfumer, 40:13-16.
Sastry, E.V.D., Sanjeev, A.,Rajendra, K and Sharma, R.K .1997. In vitro responses of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), p. 49-50. In: Biotechnology of Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops. Edison S, Ramana K V, Sasikumar B, Nirmal Babu, K. and Santhosh, J.(eds.) Indian Society for Spices.
Sato, H., Yamada, K., Mii, M., Hosomi, K., Okuyama, S., Uzawa, M., Ishikawa, H and Ito, Y. 1996. Production of an interspecific somatic hybrid between peppermint and gingermint. PL Sci., (Limerick) 115:101-107.
Sehgal, C.B. 1978. Differentiation of shoot buds andm embryoids from inflorescence of Anethum graveolens in cultures. Phytomor, 28:291-297.
Sen, B and Gupta, S. 1979. Differentiation in callus culture of leaf of two species of Trigonella. Physiologia Plantarum 45:425-428.
Shaji, P., Anandaraj, M and Sharma, Y. R. 1998. Comparative study of protoplast isolation and development in Piper nigrum (black pepper) and P. colubrinum. pp. 51-53. In: Developments in plantation crops research, NM Mathew and CK Jacob(eds.), AUied Publishers, New Delhi.
Sharma,T.R., Singh, B.M and Chauhan, R.S. 1994. Production of encapsulated buds of Zingiber officinale Rose. PI. Cell Rep., 13:300-302.
Shibu, M.P., Ravishankar, K.V., Lalitha, A., Ganeshaiah, K.N and Shanker, R.U. 2000. Identification of sex specific DNA markers in the dioecious tree, nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.). PL Genet. Resources Newslett., 121:59-61.
Shivegowda, S.T., Mythili, J.B., Saiprasad, G.V.S., Gowda, T.K.S., Anand, L and Gowda, R. 2002. In vitro regeneration and transformation in chilli pepper (Capcisum annuum L.). J. Hortl. Sci. Biotech., 77:629-634.
Sim, S.L., Jafar, R., Power, J.B and Davey, M.R. 1998. Development of an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system for black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Acta Hort., 461:349-354.
Stephan, R and Jayabalan, N. 2001. Propagation of Coriandrum sativum L. through somatic embryogenesis. Ind. J. Exptl. BioL, 39:387-389.
Suh Sang Ki and Park, H. 1995. Protoplast isolation, fusion and culture of garlic (Allium sativum L.). J. Korean Soc. Hort. ScL, 36:614-619.
Sunitibala, H., Damayanti, M and Sharma, G.J. 2001. In vitro propagation and rhizome formation in Curcuma longa Linn. Cytobios, 105:71-82.
Tai, T and Staskawicz, B.J. 2000. Construction of yeast artificial chromosome library of pepper {Capsicum annuum L.). and identification of clones from the Bs2 resistance locus. Theor. Appl. Genet., 100:112-117.
Toth, K.F and Lacy, M.L. 1992. Micropropagation of celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce). pp:218-228. In: Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry Vol.19 High-Tech and Micropropagation III.Y. P. S.Bajaj(ed.) Springer - Verlag, Heidelberg.
Tsaftaris, A.S., Pasenti, K., Iliopoulos, I and Polidoros, A.N. 2004. Isolation of three homologous API-like MADS-box genes in Crocus (Crocus sativus L.). and characterization of their expression. PI. Sci., 166:1235-1243.
Umetsu, H., Wake, H., Saitoh, M., Yamaguchi, H and Shimomura, K. 1995. Characteristics of cold preserved embryogenic suspension cells in fennel Foeniculum vulgare Miller. J. Plant Physiol., 146:337-342.
Valsala, P.A., Nair, S.G and Nazeem, P.A. 1997. In vitro seed set and seed development in ginger. Zingiber officinale Rose. p. 106-108. In: Biotechnology of Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Edison, S., Ramana, K.V., Sasikumar, B., Nirmal Babu K and Santhosh J. Eapen (eds.j. Indian Society for Spices, Calicut, India,
Van Eck, J.M and Kitto, S.L. 1990. Callus initiation and regeneration in Mentha. HortScience. 25:804-806.
Van Eck, J.M and Kitto, S.L. 1992. Regeneration of peppermint and orangemint from leaf disc. PI. Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 30:41-49.
Vandemoortele, J.L., Billard, J.P., Boucaud, J and Caspar, T. 1996. Micropropagation of parsley through axillary shoot proliferation . PI. Cell Tiss. Org. Cult.,m 44:25-31.
Vatsya, B., Dinesh, K., Kundapurkar, A.R and Bhaskaran, S. 1987. Large scale plant formation of cardamom {Elettaria cardamomum) by shoot bud cultures. PI. Physiol. Biochem., 14:14 -19.
Venkataraman, L.V., Ravishanker, G.A., Sarma, K.S and Rajasekaran, T. 1989. In vitro metabolite production from saffron and capsicum by plant tissue and cell cultures, p. 147-151. In: Tissue Culture and Biotechnology of Medicinal and Aromatic plants Kukreja et al (eds.), CIMAP, Lucknow, India.
Vishwanath, S., Ravishankar, GA and Venkataraman, L.V. 1990. Induction of crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin and safranal synthesis in callus cultures of saffron - Crocus sativus L. Biotech. Appl. Biochem., 12:336-340.
Wang, Y and Kumar, P.P. 2004. Heterologous expression of Arabidopsis ERSl causes delayed senescence in coriander. PI. Cell Rep., 22:678-683.
Yapwattanaphun, C, Subhadrabandhu, S., Honsho, C, Yonemori, K., Chinawat, Y and Suranant, S. 2004. Phylogenetic relationship of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) and several wild relatives (Garcinia spp.) revealed by ITS sequence data. /. Amer. Soc. Hortl. Sci., 129:368-373.
Yasuda, K., Tsuda, T., Shimiju, H and Sugaya, A. 1988. Multiplication of Curcuma sp. by tissue culture. Planta Medica 54:75-79.
Zhang, B and Stoltz, L.P. 1981. In vitro shoot formation and elongation of dwarf pomegrante. Hort. Sci., 26:1084.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2006 K V Peter, K Nirmal Babu, D Minoo . (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright. Articles published are made available as open access articles, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 
This journal permits and encourages authors to share their submitted versions (preprints), accepted versions (postprints) and/or published versions (publisher versions) freely under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license while providing bibliographic details that credit, if applicable.
How to Cite
. 
